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Plumbing (which comes from the Latin word plumbum, which suggests lead, as pipes were once made from lead) is the job of working with pipes, tubing and plumbing fixtures for drinking water systems and getting rid of waste. A plumber is someone who fixes or puts in piping systems, plumbing fixtures and equipment like water heaters. Many plumbers are construction workers. The plumbing industry is an important part of every developed economy because people need clean water and safe ways to move and store waste.[1 -

Plumbing also refers to a system of pipes and fixtures put in a building to move water and the get rid of waste that's in water. Plumbing is different from water and sewage systems because plumbing system serves one building, while water and sewage systems serve a group of buildings or a city.

Contents [hide -
1 History
2 Materials
3 Regulation
4 References
History[change | change source -

Roman lead pipe at the Roman Baths in Bath, England, with a folded seam
Plumbing was rare until modern cities grew in the 19th century. At about the same time, public health leaders began wanting better systems to get cleared of waste. Before this, people got rid of waste by collecting it and dumping it onto the ground or into rivers. However, there were some plumbing pipes in the city settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization by 2700 B.C.[2 - Plumbing was also used during the ancient civilizations such as the Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, and Chinese civilizations as they built public baths and needed drinking water, and somewhere to drain waste. The Romans used pipe inscriptions to stop people from stealing water.

These systems did not improve much over the years. There were almost no improvements from the time of the Roman aqueducts and sewers until the 19th century. Eventually the development of sewage systems and separate, underground water got rid of open sewage ditches and cesspools. Most large cities today send solid wastes through pipes to sewage treatment plants. Treatment separates water from waste and makes the water more pure before it goes into streams or other bodies of water. Most places stopped using lead for drinking water after World War II because of the dangers of lead poisoning. At this time, copper piping was started because it was safer than using lead pipes.[3 -

Materials[change | change source -
Water systems in ancient times used gravity to move water. They used pipes or channels usually made of bamboo, lead, clay or stone. Today, water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes are now made of copper,[4 - brass, plastic, or other nontoxic material. Drain and vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast-iron, and lead. Lead is not used in pipes today because it can be poisonous.[5 - [6 - [7 -

Piping being placed for a sink

Plumber wrench for working on fittings and pipes
The 'straight' sections of plumbing systems are of tube or pipe. A pipe is made by casting or welding, where a tube is made through extrusion. Pipe has thicker walls and might be threaded or welded, where tubes have thinner walls, and needs special joining techniques like 'brazing', 'compression fitting', 'crimping', or for plastics, 'solvent welding'.

Along with the straight pipe or tubing, many fittings are required in plumbing systems, such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions.

Plumbing fixtures are designed. Some examples of fixtures include water closets (also known as toilets), urinals, bidets, showers, bathtubs, utility and kitchen sinks, drinking fountains, ice makers, humidifiers, air washers, fountains, and eye wash stations.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting

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WilliamBax Le 14/11/2017

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazier - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazier
Glazier
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the surname, see Glazier (surname).

A glazier at the job, 1946.

This Deutsche Bundespost postage stamp, issued in 1986, commemorates glaziers.
A glazier is a skilled tradesman accountable for trimming, installing, and removing cup (and materials used as substitutes for glass, such as some plastics).[1 - Glaziers may use glass in a variety of materials and settings, such as windows, doors, shower doors, skylights, storefronts, displays, mirrors, facades, interior wall space, ceilings, and tabletops.[1 - [2 -

Contents [cover -
1 Duties and tools
2 Education and training Glaziers Woolwich, Plumstead, SE18, Glazing http://glaziers-woolwich.co.uk - Click here>>>
3 Occupational hazards
4 In the United States
5 See also
6 Notes
7 External links
Responsibilities and tools[edit -

A couple of glazier tools
The Occupational Outlook Handbook of the U.S. Department of Labor lists the following as typical tasks for a glazier:

Follow specifications or blueprints
Remove any broken or old glass before setting up replacement glass
Cut glass to the specified size and shape
Make or install sashes or moldings for glass installation
Fasten glass into frames or sashes with clips, moldings, or other styles of fasteners
Add weather seal or putty around pane edges to seal important joints.[3 -
The National Occupational Analysis recognized by the Canadian Council of Directors of Apprenticeship separates the trade into 5 blocks of skills, each with a list of skills, and a summary of tasks and subtasks a journeyman is expected to have the ability to accomplish:[4 -

Stop A - Occupational Skills

1. Uses and maintains equipment and tools

2. Organizes work

3. Performs routine activities

Block B - Commercial Door and Windows Systems

4. Fabricates commercial windowpane and door systems

5. Installs commercial home window and door systems

Block C - Residential Door and Window Systems

6. Installs residential screen systems

7. Installs home door systems

Stop D - Area of expertise Cup and Products

8. Installs and Fabricates specialty glass and products

9. Installs glass systems on vehicles

Block E - Servicing

10. Services commercial windows and door systems

11. Services residential windowpane and door systems

12. Services area of expertise products and glass.

Tools used by glaziers "include trimming boards, glass-cutting blades, straightedges, glazing kitchen knives, saws, drills, grinders, putty, and glazing substances."[1 -

Some glaziers use cup in motor vehicles specifically; other work specifically with the safety cup found in aircraft.[1 - [3 -

Education and training[edit -
Glaziers are usually educated at the senior high school diploma or equivalent level and learn the abilities of the trade via an apprenticeship program, which in the U.S. is four years typically.[3 -

In the U.S., apprenticeship programs can be found through the National Glass Association as well as trade associations and local contractors' associations. Construction-industry glaziers are frequently users of the International Union of Painters and Allied Trades.[1 -

In Ontario, Canada, apprenticeships can be found at the provincial level and certified through the Ontario College of Trades.[5 -

Other provinces manage their own apprenticeship programs.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazing_(window) - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glazing_(window)
The Trade of Glazier is a designated Red Seal Trade in Canada.[6 -

Occupational hazards[edit -
Occupational hazards encountered by glaziers include the risks of being trim by glass or tools and dropping from scaffolds or ladders.[1 - [3 - The usage of heavy equipment could also cause injury: the Country wide Institute for Occupational Protection and Health (NIOSH) reported in 1990 that a journeyman glazier died in an industrial incident in Indiana after attempting to use a manlift to transport a thousand-pound case of glass which the manlift did not have capacity to carry.[7 -

In the United States[edit -
According to the Occupational Outlook Handbook, there are some 45,300 glaziers in the United States, with median pay of $38,410 per 12 months in 2014.[3 - Two-thirds of Glaziers work in the foundation, structure, and building exterior contractors industry, with smaller figures working in building material and supplies coping, building finishing contracting, automotive repair and maintenance, and cup and cup product manufacturing.[2 - [3 -

Among the 50 states, only Florida and Connecticut require glaziers to carry a license.[3 -

See also[edit -
Architectural glass
Glazing in architecture
Insulated glazing
Stained glass
Glass manufacturing
Glassblowing

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